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System of Trade Protection

Map of Northern Ireland

Above: Map of Northern Ireland including the counties.

THE year 1924 was not marked by any notable event. There was, however, a good deal of legislation of various kinds. The new police force, called the Civic Guard, was organised. Arrangements were made regarding Land Purchase, Courts of Justice were set up. A system of Trade Protection was inaugurated, by the imposition of heavy import duties on certain classes of goods. The large army, which the unsettled state of the country had rendered it necessary to maintain, was now reduced in numbers.

Death of Eoghan Ruadh O’Neill

During these months O’Neill had been holding his own well. He knew, however, that he could not long remain in isolation, but must make terms with one or other of the parties. Both the Royalists—for the former Confederationists may now be justly described by this name—and the Parliamentarians, knowing his value, were eager to treat with him. Eoghan, on reflection, preferred to trust anyone rather than the perfidious Ormond, and he entered into negotiations with General Monk. Cromwell, however, would have no dealings with Irish Papists, and the Parliament, at his instigation, ordered Monk to cease all communications.
A short time previous to this (August 20th, 1649), Ormond had made an attack on Dublin, which was still held for the Parliament by General Jones. The Royalistforces were badly managed, and Jones won a complete victory, capturing gret quantities of ammunition and stores. Ormond now renewed his efforts to come to terms with O’Neill, and Eoghan, because no other e source remained to him, signed a peace on conditions which included lriberty of public worship for the Catholics (October 1649), and prepared to march to support his new ally.
It was too late, however, the Irish general’s life work was done. At the time of the conclusion of the treaty he was already very ill. He rapidly became worse, and on November 6th, 1649, he died at Clough-oughter Castle (Co. Cavan).   The assertion was current in his own day and has been repeated in ours that he had been poisoned. No reliable evidence, however, exists to show that his death was other than natural. He was probably between 60 and 65 years of age ; possibly indeed older.

The Anglo-Irish Lords Join the Insurgents

Although they had many grievances, being, almost without exception, Catholics, the Lords of the Pale, and most of the Anglo-Irish nobility and gentry elsewhere at first hesitated to join the revolt. On their treatment by the Government authorities their future action would, to a great extent, depend. The Lord Justices, by so wording their first Proclamation as to make it appear that they considered the conspiracy as one of the ” Irish Papists ” in general; by receiving with marked coldness the professions of loyalty of some of the Palesmen, and by denying to several the arms which were absolutely necessary for the defence of their homes and families, certainly showed little discretion ; but their position was, without doubt, a difficult one.
They were aware that these men had little reason to feel attachment to the English Government; that the relatives of many of them were in actual rebellion, and they knew not whom to trust.

The determining factors which induced so many of the Anglo-Irish to throw in their lot with the insurgents were probably : first, the ruthless murders and destruction of property of which the Government troops were guilty ; secondly, the constant insults to their religion, and threats of persecution of it, uttered in the English Parliament and else¬where ; thirdly, the inclusion of the estates of many of them in the list made by the English authorities of the land to be confiscated after the repression of the rebellion (February, 1642).

In December, 1642, seven of the Pale Lords met by appointment five delegates from the insurgents, headed by Rory O’More, on the hill of Crofty near Drogheda. O’More stated the grievances which had induced them to rebel. He protested that they were not disloyal to the King, and begged the Palesmen to join with them in the cause of their country and their religion.

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