The attacks of the Irish and the secession of many of the ” Sean-Ghaill” had already loosened the English grip upon the country. Within sight of Dublin, the lands around Tallaght were secured only by paying ” black rent ” to O’Toole ; a similar subsidy was paid to O’Hanlon, who threatened to shut the mountain passes beyond Dundalk which kept up communication with the remaining fortresses on the north-east coast; Mac Murrough was still paid for his protection of the Leinster roads.

Beyond the Shannon both ” mere Irish ” and “English rebels ” were equally independent, and even on the eastern side of that river the descendants of Hugh De Lacy’s followers who lay beyond the line of lakes had also renounced allegiance.

 Despite frequent laws against ” absenteeism,” many of the settlers continued to leave the country.

The attempt to govern Ireland without Kildare was a failure.When he had been dismissed from office, the Geraldine had withdrawn his protection from the Pale, with the result that the Irish continually raided the settlers in Meath.   Kildare’s brother had attacked the English at Carlow, and when the Earl was  arrested his sons attacked those in Kildare.  

Sir James Butler attacked the rival Butlers, harassed the friends of the Geraldines and exacted ” coyne and livery.”  

Poynings and the ” English by birth ” were unable to keep order.   Besides, Warbeck was being strongly supported, and the King of Scotland was intriguing with O’Donnell. While he was in England the Great Earl married, as his second wife, a cousin of the King.When he was eventually brought to trial he won over Henry.  

Above : Illustrating Picture, Art Mac Murrough Army Attacing From Forest